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Friday, 29 June 2012
Saturday, 3 March 2012
Windows 8 version is here...
Windows 8 is the codename for the upcoming version of Microsoft Windows that follows Windows 7.It features a new Metro-style interface that is designed for touchscreen, mouse, keyboard, and pen input. It also adds support for the ARM processor architecture in addition to the previously supported x86 microprocessors from Intel and AMD. Its server counterpart is codenamed Windows Server 8. A release date for the finished version of Windows 8 has not yet been announced, the most recent prerelease version is the (Consumer Preview), which was released on February 29, 2012.
After the release of Windows 7 which didn't make much fame with tablets, this release of their is aimed for PC's and tablets. I have got some features (maybe rumored) so that you know what you can expect for,
Now with some info about USB, the first USB specification, defined two speeds in data transfer, Slow Speed 1.5 Mbps and Full Speed 12 Mbps, while this was in 1996, in 2000, USB 2.0 was introduced, which had a high speed of 480 Mbps, and in 2008 we had USB 3.0 introduced. This can support a data transfer about 5 Gbps. To be saying this in simple language you could copy a High Definition movie in about 80 seconds which used to take 15 minutes in USB 2.0 port. Amazing I say :)
Moving towards to our usual basics, Copy, Move, Rename and Delete functions.
Whenever we started copying files, every copy function we made, a new small window used to open with some basic details of a progress bar and time required to copy, and when we continued doing this for a some files, we had our whole screen with small windows everywhere.
Windows 8 has solved it by making it
Now you can see the details of copying files in one window, so no more searching through the floating windows, you can pause some actions, so that you can prioritize copying, and also you can see the progress bar, but with a small graph and extra details. :)
While moving files and pop-ups for replacement of files when conflicts, it used to be a little confusing, of to which files are which, the new way is to select all the files you cant to keep and replaced in a simpler manner.
Fast Boot Times in Windows 8
In Windows 7 the power transitions in Shutdown operation includes restart), used to consume around 50% of the power, 40% while in sleep and about 5% in hibernation mode.
This has been improvised for most of them prefer shutting down the system than keeping the system on sleep or hibernation mode.
HTML5Quite many of you maybe or may not be aware of the new version of HTML, which allows the web developer to go a bit more into his imaginative modes to create a better websites. Now the moment everyone has Windows8, the next step that would follow is get IE10 installed and see its features. Windows 8 provides plug-in free HTML5 feature that for giving that experience you never had before. That means you wouldnt need anymore plug-in for flash or pdf's to view the content to be more elaborate and simple
Multi Tasking
There is no use of systems and OS if there is no multi tasking feature in it, and Windows 8 has just enhanced it in a better way. Now you can have two apps running and sen on the screen at the same time, with a dividing line in between which can be adjusted to maximize or minimize the screen of the app you want to see more or less.
Customizable Start Screen
We had start buttons in ancient times, now its something new. Windows 8 has come out with tiles on the start screen which you can customize to what you want to do usually, without too much of movement. You can just Drag-&-Drop to customize your tiles on the start screen! Talk about making human more lazy even while using the system
Improvised Task Manager
Not everyone's need, but most of them do play around with Task manager, the 8 version of Windows has come out with more details for you in your task manager, so that you can manage your tasks more optimally.
I can keep going on like this with features after features, but that would never end, and also spoil the surprising discovery of yourself. The developers at Microsoft have worked on well to come out with a better product this time, but only time can tell, how well it will click with users.
DOWNLOAD Windows 8 here : http://www.forumswindows8.com/windows-8-download/
Friday, 2 March 2012
AGNEEPATH - Super Hit !
Agneepath (Hindi: अग्निपथ; English: Path of Fire) is a 2012 Indian Hindi action thriller film produced by Karan Johar. It is a remake of the 1990 film of the same name and is directed by Johar's former assistant Karan Malhotra. Though publicized as a remake; the film borrows only the basic plot of the original, while making the characters and incidents completely different. The title of the film is taken from a poem of the same name called 'Agneepath' which was penned by Harivansh Rai Bachchan, Amitabh's father, and is recited at the beginning of the movie and creates a thematic link that continues through the movie, particularly in the climax, both literally and metaphorically.
While Hrithik Roshan plays the lead role of Vijay Deenanath Chauhan, Sanjay Dutt plays the role of the main antagonist Kancha Cheena, originally played by Amitabh Bachchan and Danny Denzongpa respectively. The film stars Priyanka Chopra as the female lead. Other members of the cast include Rishi Kapoor playing a newly introduced negative character, Om Puri and Zarina Wahab among others. The award winning character of Krishnan Iyer M.A played by Mithun Chakraborty in the original has been totally done away with. Shooting of the film mostly took place in Diu and Mumbai's film city. Originally slated for release on 20 January, Agneepath was postponed by a week to 26 January 2012, making it a Republic Day release. Upon release, the film broke the highest opening day collections record and became a critical and commercial success.
Critical reception:
The movie opened to highly positive reviews from critics. According to review aggregator Review Gang, professional critics have given the film a rating of 6.5 out of 10Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama gave the film a score of 4.5 out of 5, and said "Agneepath is an uncomplicated story of revenge, is hard-hitting yet entertaining, dwells on strong emotions and aggressive and forceful action, yet is dissimilar from the original. ... It is a fitting tribute to the masterwork." Subhash K.Jha of IANS gave it 4 out of 5 stars, pointing "Every component of the film falls into place, with a resounding thump. Agneepath is brilliant in its brutality. It's a riveting and hectic homage to the spirit of the cinema when revenge reigned supreme. And content was King. This new Agneepath takes us back to the era when there was no computer or cellphones. And communication with the audience was immediate and electrifying." Kaveree Bamzai of India Today rated the movie 4 out of 5, noting "Melodramatic, choir-inducing sentiment, ecstatic.Agneepath is that rare mainstream movie written well." Aniruddha Guha of DNA India gave the film 3.5 out of 5, reviewing "An adaptation rather than a remake, the film assumes a life of its own once the central plot has been established... the film then charts a journey of his own." Piyali Dasgupta of NDTV gave it 3.5 out of 5, stating "Watch this film because this one is unadulterated Bollywood entertainment.Daily Bhaskar gave the film 3.5 out of 5 stars, adding "On the whole, Agneepath totally rests on star power which will lure the cine-goers to halls but how far will it impress them remains to be seen."The Times of India too gave the film 3.5 stars out of 5, and said, "Try to wipe out the movie's earlier version from your mind. You might find it more enjoyable."
Sukanya Varma of Rediff gave it 3 out of 5, commenting "Agneepath, less of a remake, more of a tribute. The makers of Agneepath should have just called it Dharmapath."Kunal Guha of Yahoo.com gave the movie 3 out of 5 stars, saying that " The biggest dilemma of remaking a movie is how much to retain and what to retain. If the new story takes violent shifts, you lose the audience who came to revisit the original. If you photocopy scene-by-scene, you risk failing to connect with the audience who is accustomed to present sensibilities. The only safe bet: a ‘khichdi’ of the past and the present, like this one."Mansha Rastogi of Nowrunning gave the movie 3 out of 5 stars, writing that "Much against some flaws, Agneepath deserves to be lauded for performances and should be encouraged for a very convincing remake to a cult classic.Mayank Shekhar of Hindustan Times gave the movie 3 out of 5 stars remarking "This is the kind of genuine theatre experience, now getting rare, which remains most precious in the life of a film-goer. Reason can take over later. I had a ball!" Sonia Chopra of Sify gave it 3 out of 5, mentioning "Debut director Karan Malhotra shows great promise in making the film visually arresting and maintaining the consistency of performances. But remaking a cult film means you have big shoes to fill. If you’re a loyalist of the Late Mukul Anand’s Agneepath, you’re likely to have reservations with this one. But if you leave the comparisons aside and are willing to forgive the faults, Agneepath is worth a watch essentially to savor Hrithik’s performance."[28] Rajeev Masand of CNN-IBN gave the Agneepath 3 out of 5, said "It is in the end, an old-fashioned revenge drama treated in that melodramatic, over-the-top style. You're not likely to be bored by the intense action and the solid performances, but prepare to be exhausted by just how long this film plays on."
Box Office:
India-
Agneepath collected
21.75 crore (US$4.79 million) on the opening day, breaking the record of the first day collections of Bodyguard. The film also set new circuit records in Mumbai, CP Berar, Nizam, and Mysore. Agneepath grossed 62.11 crore (US$13.66 million) nett over its extended four-day weekend.The film's collections held very well on Monday and it netted around
7.50 crore (US$1.65 million), taking its five-day total to 69.50 crore (US$15.29 million) nett.[32] It further did well and grossed 6.50 crore (US$1.43 million) nett on Tuesday and another 5.00 crore (US$1.1 million) nett on Wednesday. In doing so, Agneepath brought its first week total to 85.88 crore (US$18.89 million) nett. The film collected 23.12 crore (US$5.09 million) on its second week thus taking its 2 weeks total to 109 crore (US$23.98 million) nett. The film collected 7.59 Crore nett in its third week, taking it's three week nett colletions to 116.59 crore (US$25.65 million). Agneepath collected 2.61 crore (US$574,200) in it's fourth week, taking it's four week nett collections to 119.20 crore (US$26.22 million). It was declared a "Super Hit" by Box Office IndiaOverseas-
After a successful opening in the domestic market, Agneepath made16.5 crore (US$3.63 million) in its four day weekend overseas. The film recorded the 12th largest opening overseas and was marginally behind the other Hrithik Roshan starrer, Dhoom 2.By the end of its second weekend the film managed to collect 26 crore (US$5.72 million).Wednesday, 16 November 2011
MEFA Important Questions
Most Important Questions for Final Exam, MEFA (Unit Wise)
UNIT-I
- Define Managerial Economics. Explain its Nature And Scope.
- Discuss the importance of Managerial Economics in decision making.
- What is Managerial Economics? Explain its focus areas.
- Point out the importance of Managerial Economics in decision making.
- Explain the role of a Managerial Economist in a Business Firm.
- Define ‘Demand’ and explain the factors that influence the demand of a product.
- State the ‘Law of Demand’. What are the various factors that determine the demand for a Mobile Phone?
- Explain the various factors that influence the demand for computer.
UNIT-II
- What is meant by ‘Elasticity of Demand’? How do you measure it? (very Imp)
- What is cross Elasticity of Demand? Explain
OR
Explain the concept of Cross Elasticity of Demand. Illustrate your answer with
Examples.
- Why does the Law of Diminishing Returns operate? Explain with the help of assumed data and also represent in a diagram.
- What are the needs for Demand Forecasting? Explain the various steps involved in demand forecasting.
- What are the possible approaches to forecasting demand for new products? Illustrate all the methods of Demand Forecasting.
- One problem from time series Method.
UNIT-III
- Define production Function. Discuss in detail the different types of production functions.
- Explain the following with reference to production function
- Marginal Rate of Technical Substitution(MRTS)
- Variable Proportions of Factors.
- Define ‘Cost’. How are costs classified? Explain any five important cost concepts useful for managerial decisions.
- Discuss the role and importance of cost analysis in managerial decisions.
- a) State and explain Break-Even analysis and explain its importance.
b) What are its limitations? Use suitable diagrams.
- You are required to calculate.
i) Margin of Safety
ii) Total sales
iii) Variable cost from the following figures;
Fixed costs Rs. 12, 000
Profit Rs. 1, 000
Break-Even Sales Rs.60, 000
- a) The information about Raj and Co., are given below.
i) Profit-Volume Ratio (P/V Ratio) is 20%
ii) Fixed costs Rs. 36000
iii) Selling price per Unit Rs. 150
b) Calculate:
i) BEP (in Rs.)
ii) BEP (in Units)
iii) Variable Cost per Unit
iv) Selling Price per Unit
- A company reported the following results for two periods.
| Period | Sales | Profit |
| I | Rs.20,00,000 | Rs.2,00,000 |
| II | Rs.25,00,000 | Rs.3,00,000 |
Ascertain the BEP, P/V Ratio, Fixed cost and Margin of Safety.
- Sales are Rs. 1, 10,000 Yielding a profit of Rs. 4,000 in period-I; Sales are
Rs. 1, 50,000 with a profit of Rs. 12,000 in period-II. Determine BEP and Fixed
Cost.
- The P/V Ratio of Matrix Books Ltd is 40% and the Margin of safety is 30%. You are required to work out the BEP and Net Profit, if the Sales Volume is Rs.14,000
- A Company prepares a budget to produce 3, 00,000 Units, with fixed costs as Rs. 15, 00,000 and average variable cost of Rs.10 per unit. The selling price is to Yield 20% profit on Cost. You are required to calculate
a) P/V Ratio
b) BEP in Rs and in Units.
- You are given the following information about two companies in 2000
| Particulars | Company A | Company B |
| Sales | Rs.50,00,000 | Rs.50,00,000 |
| Fixed Expenses | Rs.12,00,000 | Rs.17,00,000 |
| Variable Expenses | Rs.35,00,000 | Rs.30,00,000 |
You are required to Calculate (For Both Companies)
a) BEP (in Rs.)
b) P/V Ratio
c) Margin of safety
UNIT-IV
- a) Define Market and explain how markets are classified?
b) What are the important features in Market structure?
- a) What is perfect competition? What are its features?
b) How is market price determined under conditions of Perfect Market
Competition?
- a) Explain in detail, the important features of perfect competition
b) How can a competitor attain equation position under conditions of perfect
competition?
- a) Explain the features of Monopoly.
b) How can a Monopolist attain equilibrium position under conditions of
monopoly?
- What are the features of Monopolistic Competition? How can a firm attain equilibrium position?
- Compare and contrast between Perfect competition and Monopoly.
- a) What are the causes for the emergence of Monopoly?
b) How is the equilibrium position attained by a monopolist under varying cost
Conditions?
- What do you understand by ‘price discrimination’ and on what basis price can be discriminated?
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UNIT-V
- a) What are the different types of Business organizations?
b) What are the features of Sole trading form of Organization?
- a) What are the characteristics of a Business Unit?
b) What are the characteristic features of a sole trader form of organization?
- a) What are the salient features Partnership firm
b) Explain Different kinds of partners.
c) What are the advantages and limitations of partnership firm?
- a) What do you mean by Joint Stock Company? What are the salient features?
b) Describe the advantages and disadvantages of Joint Stock Companies?
- a) Analyses the Formation of Joint Stock Company?
b) What are the different types of companies?
- Distinguish between the Joint Stock Company and Partnership.
- What are the objectives behind starting public sector enterprises in the country? To what extent have they fulfilled these objectives?
- Analyse the problems of the public sector enterprises and suggest remedial measures for their improvement.
UNIT-VI
- What are the components of Working capital? Explain each of them.
- a) What is the important of capital?
b) What factors determine the working capital requirements of company?
- a) Describe the institutions providing long term finances.
b) What are the different market situations in imperfect competition?
- a) What is the importance of Capital budgeting?
b) How do the discounting models differ from non-discounting models?
- Explain the right procedure for Capital Budgeting decision
- What are the merits and limitations of Pay Back Period? How does Discounting approach overcome the limitations of Pay back method?
- What do you understand by time value of money? How is it helpful in Capital Budgeting?
- Examine the following three proposals and evaluate them based on
a) PBP Method
b) ARR Method. (ARR on original Investment)
Initial Investment is Rs.10, 00,000/- each for all the three projects.
| Year | Cash inflows (Rs.) | ||
| Project-A | Project-B | Project-B | |
| 1. | 5,00,000 | 6,00,000 | 2,00,000 |
| 2. | 5,00,000 | 2,00,000 | 2,00,000 |
| 3. | 2,00,000 | 2,00,000 | 6,00,000 |
| 4. | ------- | 3,00,000 | 4,00,000 |
- Determine the Pay Back Period for the information given below
a) The project cost is Rs. 20,000
b) The life of the project is 5 years
c) The cash flows for the 5 years are Rs.10,000, Rs.12,000; Rs.13,000; Rs.11,000; and Rs. 10,000 respectively and
d) Tax rate is 20%
- Calculate the Net present value (NPV) of the two projects X and Y. Suggest which of the two projects should be accepted assuming a discount rate of 10%
| Item | Project-A | Project-B |
| Initial Investment | Rs. 80,000 | Rs. 1,20,000 |
| Life Period | 5 Years | 5 Years |
| Scrap Value | Rs.4,000 | Rs.8,000 |
| (Annual Cash Inflows) | (CFAT) | (CFAT) |
| Year: 1 | Rs.24,000 | Rs.70,000 |
| ,, 2 | Rs.36,000 | Rs.50,000 |
| ,, 3 | Rs.14,000 | Rs.24,000 |
| ,, 4 | Rs.10,000 | Rs.8,000 |
| ,, 5 | Rs.8,000 | Rs.8,000 |
- A Company has at hand two proposals for consideration. The cost of the proposals in both the cases is Rs. 5, 00,000 each. A discount factor of 12% may be used to evaluate the proposals. Cash inflows after taxes are as under.
| Year | Proposals X(Rs.) | Proposals Y(Rs.) |
| 1 | 1,50,000 | 50,000 |
| 2 | 2,00,000 | 1,50,000 |
| 3 | 2,50,000 | 2,00,000 |
| 4 | 1,50,000 | 3,00,000 |
| 5 | 1,00,000 | 2,00,000 |
Which one will you recommend under NPV method?
- Conceder the case of the company with the following two investment alternatives each costing Rs.9 lakhs. The details of the cash inflows;
| Year | Rs. in Lakhs | |
| Project-1 | Project-2 | |
| 1 | 3 | 6 |
| 2 | 5 | 4 |
| 3 | 6 | 3 |
The cost of capital is 10% per year. Which project will you choose under
NPV method?
- The following are the details pertaining to a company which is considering to acquire a fixed asset:
Project A: Cost of the proposal: Rs.42, 000, Life 5 years, Average after Tax
Cash inflow Rs.14000. (constant)
Project B: Cost of the proposal Rs.45000, Life 5 years
Annual cash inflows 1st year Rs. 28,000, 2nd year Rs.12, 000, 3rd year
Rs.10, 000 4th Rs.10, 000 and 5th year Rs. 10,000. Determine IRR. Which project
do you recommend?
- Mahesh Enterprises is considering of purchasing a CNC Machine. The following are the earnings after tax from the two alternative proposals under consideration each costing Rs. 8, 00,000. Select the better one, if the company wishes to operate at 10% rate of return.
| | Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | Year 4 | Year 5 |
| Proposal I | 80000 | 240000 | 320000 | 480000 | 320000 |
| Proposal II | 240000 | 320000 | 400000 | 240000 | 160000 |
| Present value of Re @ 10% | 0.909 | 0.826 | 0.751 | 0.683 | 0.620 |
UNIT-VII
- Give a brief account on the important records of Accounting under Double Entry System and discuss briefly the scope of each?
- Explain the purpose of preparing the following accounts/statements and also elaborate the various items that appear in each of them.
a) Trading Account
b) Profit & Loss Account
c) Balance Sheet
- Explain the following concepts and illustrate their treatment with imaginary data.
a) Depreciation
b) Prepaid expenses
c) Reserve for bad and Doubtful debts
d) Income received in advance
- Explain the following adjustments and illustrate suitably with assumed data.
a) Closing stock
b) Outstanding expenses
c) Prepaid Income
d) Bad debts
- (a) Define the concepts ‘Accounting’, Financial Accounting and Accounting System’.
(b) Explain the main objectives of Accounting and its important functions.
- What is three columnar cash book? What is Contra Entry? Illustrate
- What do you understand by Double Entry Book Keeping? What are its advantages?
- What is Trial Balance? Why it is prepared?
- What are the different Concepts and Conventions of Financial Accounting?
Illustration: I
Journalize the following transactions and prepare a cash ledger.
1. Ram invests Rs. 10, 000 in cash.
2. He bought goods worth Rs. 2000 from shyam.
3. He bought a machine for Rs. 5000 from Lakshman on account.
4. He paid to Lakshman Rs. 2000
5. He sold goods for cash Rs.3000
6. He sold goods to A on account Rs. 4000
7. He paid to Shyam Rs. 1000
8. He received amount from A Rs. 2000
Illustration II
Journalize the following transactions and post them into Ledgers
Jan 1. Commenced business with a capital of Rs. 10000
,, 2. Bought Furniture for cash Rs. 3000
,, 3. Bought goods for cash from ‘B’ Rs. 500
,, 4. Sold goods for cash to A Rs. 1000
,, 5. Purchased goods from C on credit Rs.2000
,, 6. Goods sold to D on credit Rs. 1500
,, 8. Bought machinery for Rs. 3000 paying Cash
,, 12. Paid trade expenses Rs. 50
,, 18. Paid for Advertising to Apple Advertising Ltd. Rs. 1000
,, 19. Cash deposited into bank Rs. 500
,, 20. Received interest Rs. 500
,, 24. Paid insurance premium Rs. 200
,, 30. Paid rent Rs. 500
,, 30. Paid salary to P Rs.1000
Illustration-III
During January 2003 Narayan transacted the following business.
| Date | Transactions | Amount |
| 2003 Jan.1 ,, 2 ,, 3 ,, 4 ,, 5 ,, 6 ,, 7 ,, 8 ,, 9 ,, 10 ,, 11 ,, 12 | Commenced business with cash Purchased goods on credit from Shyam Received goods from Murthy as advance for goods ordered by him Paid Wages Goods returned to shyam Goods sold to Kamal Goods returned by Kamal Paid into Bank Goods sold for Cash Bought goods for cash Paid salaries Withdrew cash for personal use | 40000 30000 3000 500 200 10000 500 500 750 1000. 700 1000 |
Journalize the above transactions and prepare cash Account
Illustration- IV
Record the following transactions in the suitable form of Cash book
| 2004 Jan 1 | Started business with cash | 20000 |
| 2 | Paid for purchases of Machinery from M/s Ram and Co | 3000 |
| 3 | Paid insurance premium | 200 |
| 5 | Paid rent for the month of Dec 2003 | 500 |
| 8 | Paid cash for purchase of goods | 3000 |
| 10 | Sold goods for cash | 4000 |
| 12 | Drew cash for personal use | 200 |
| 14 | Paid to Arun Rs.400 for full settlement of Rs.500 | |
| 15 | Received Cash from Karuna Rs. 1000 in full settlement of Rs. 1050 | |
Also prepare Cash Account
Illustration V:
From the following list of balances prepare a Trial Balance as on 30-6-2003
| | | Rs. | | | Rs. |
| i | Opening Stock | 1800 | xiii | Plant | 750 |
| ii | Wages | 1000 | xiv | Machinery tools | 180 |
| iii | Sales | 12000 | xv | Lighting | 230 |
| iv | Bank loan | 440 | xvi | Creditors | 800 |
| v | Coal coke | 300 | xvii | Capital | 4000 |
| vi | Purchases | 7500 | xviii | Misc. receipts | 60 |
| vii | Repairs | 200 | xix | Office salaries | 250 |
| viii | Carriage | 150 | xx | Office furniture | 60 |
| ix | Income tax | 150 | xxi | Patents | 100 |
| x | Debtors | 2000 | xxii | Goodwill | 1500 |
| xi | Leasehold premises | 600 | xxiii | Cash at bank | 510 |
| xii | Cash in hand | 20 | | | |
Illustration VI
Prepare a Trial Balance from the following Data for the year 2003.
| | Rs. | | Rs. |
| Freehold property | 10800 | Discount received | 150 |
| Capital | 40000 | Returns inwards | 1590 |
| Returns outwards | 2520 | Office expenses | 5100 |
| Sales | 80410 | Bad debts | 1310 |
| Purchases | 67350 | Carriage outwards(sales exp) | 1590 |
| Depreciation on furniture | 1200 | Carriage inwards | 1450 |
| Insurance | 3300 | Salaries | 4950 |
| Opening stock | 14360 | Book debts | 11070 |
| Creditors for expenses | 400 | Cash at bank | 2610 |
| Creditors | 4700 | | |
Illustration: VII
The following is the Trial Balance of Abhiram, was prepared on 31st March 2006. Prepare Trading and Profit& Loss Account and Balance Sheet.
| | Debit Rs. | Credit Rs. |
| Capital | ------ | 22000 |
| Opening stock | 10000 | ------ |
| Debtors and Creditors | 8000 | 12000 |
| Machinery | 20000 | ------- |
| Cash at Bank | 2000 | ------- |
| Bank overdraft | ------ | 14000 |
| Sales returns and Purchases returns | 4000 | 8000 |
| Trade expenses | 12000 | ------- |
| Purchases and Sales | 26000 | 44000 |
| Wages | 10000 | ------- |
| Salaries | 12000 | ------- |
| Bills payable | ------- | 10600 |
| Bank deposits | 6600 | ------- |
| TOTAL | 110600 | 110600 |
Closing Stock was valued at Rs.60, 000
Illustration VIII
Prepare Trading and Profit &Loss A/C for the year ended 31.12.2001 and a Balance Sheet as on that date from the following Trial Balance.
| | Dr, Rs. | Cr, Rs. |
| Furniture | 6500 | |
| Plant and machinery | 60000 | |
| Buildings | 75000 | |
| Capital | | 125000 |
| Bad debts | 1750 | |
| Reserve for bad debts | | 3000 |
| Sundry debtors | 40000 | |
| Sundry creditors | | 24000 |
| Stock(1.1.2001) | 34600 | |
| Purchases | 54750 | |
| Sales | | 154500 |
| Bank over draft | | 28500 |
| Sales returns | 2000 | |
| Purchase returns | | 1250 |
| Advertising | 4500 | |
| Interest | 1180 | |
| Commission received | | 3750 |
| Cash in hand | 6500 | |
| Salaries | 33000 | |
| General expenses | 7820 | |
| Car expenses | 9000 | |
| Taxes and insurance | 3500 | |
| | 340000 | 340000 |
Closing stock valued at Rs. 50000
Illustration VIII
The following figures have been extracted from the records of Fancy Stores a proprietary concern as on 31.12.2003.
| | Rs. | | Rs. |
| Furniture | 15000 | Insurance | 6000 |
| Capital A/C | 54000 | Rent | 22000 |
| Cash in hand | 3000 | Sundry debtors | 60000 |
| Opening stock | 50000 | Sales | 600000 |
| Fixed deposits | 134600 | Advertisement | 10000 |
| Drawings | 5000 | Postages and telephone | 3400 |
| Provision for bad debts | 3000 | Bad debts | 2000 |
| Cash at Bank | 10000 | Printing and stationary | 9000 |
| Purchases | 300000 | General charges | 13000 |
| Salaries | 19000 | Sundry creditors | 40000 |
| Carriage inwards | 41000 | Deposit from customers | 6000 |
|
Illustration IX
Prepare Trading and Profit &Loss A/C for the year ended 31.12.2001 and a Balance Sheet as on that date from the following Trial Balance.
| | Debit Rs. | Credit Rs. |
| Purchases | 45000 | |
| Debtors | 60000 | |
| Interest earned | | 1200 |
| Salaries | 9000 | |
| Sales | | 96300 |
| Purchase returns | | 1500 |
| Wages | 6000 | |
| Rent | 4500 | |
| Sales returns | 3000 | |
| Bad debts return off | 2100 | |
| Creditors | | 36600 |
| Capital | | 31800 |
| Drawings | 7200 | |
| Printing and stationary | 2400 | |
| Insurance | 3600 | |
| Opening stock | 15000 | |
| Office expenses | 3600 | |
| Furniture and fittings | 6000 | |
| GRAND TOTAL | 167400 | 167400 |
Adjust the following
a) Closing stock Rs.20000
b) Write off furniture @ 15% per annum.
UNIT-VIII
- Explain the meaning of the ‘Analysis of Financial Statements’. Discuss briefly the different type of analysis.
- Discuss the importance of Ratio Analysis for inter firm and intra-firm comparison, including circumstances responsible for its limitations, if any.
- How are ratios classified for the purpose of financial analysis? With assumed data, illustrate any two types of ratios under each category?
- Write a brief note on the importance of ratio analysis to different category of users.
- As a financial analyst, what precautions would you take while interpreting ratios meaningfully?
- What are the limitations of Ratio Analysis? Does ratio analysis really measure the financial performance of a company?
- following is the Profit and Loss account and Balance Sheet of Jai Hind Ltd. Calculate the following ratios:
a) Gross Profit Ratio
b) Current Ratio
c) Quick ratio
Profit and Loss Account
| Particulars | Rs. | Particulars | Rs. |
| To Opening Stock of Finished goods Raw materials To Purchase of raw material To Manufacturing Expenses To Administration Expenses To Selling& Distribution Exp To Loss on sale of Plant To Interest on Debentures To Net Profit | 100000 50000 300000 100000 50000 50000 55000 10000 385000 | By Sales By Closing Stock: Raw Material Finished goods By Profit on sale of shares | 800000 150000 100000 50000 |
| 1100000 | 1100000 |
Balance Sheet
| Liabilities | Rs. | Assets | Rs. |
| Share Capital: Equity Share Capital Preference share Capital Reserves Debentures Sundry creditors Bills payable | 100000 100000 100000 200000 100000 50000 | Fixed Assets Stock of Raw Materials Stock of finished goods Sundry Debtors Bank balance | 250000 150000 100000 100000 50000 |
| 650000 | 650000 |
- a) From the following information, calculate
i. Debt-Equity ratio
ii. Current ratio
| | Rs. | | Rs. |
| Debentures | 1,40,000 | Bank balance | 30,000 |
| Long term Loans | 70,000 | Sundry Debtors | 70,000 |
| General reserve | 40,000 | | |
| Creditors | 66,000 | | |
| Bills payable | 14,000 | | |
| Share capital | 1,20,000 | | |
b) Calculate interest coverage ratio from the following information
| | Rs. |
| Net profit after deducting interest and taxes | 6,00,000 |
| 12% Debentures of the face value of | 15,00,000 |
| Amount provided towards taxation | 1,20,000 |
- Compute the following ratios.
a) Calculate Earnings per share
| | Rs. |
| Net profit before preferential dividend | 1,15,000 |
| Equity share capital (40,000 shares of Rs.100 each) | 4,00,000 |
| 12½% Preference share capital | 2,00,000 |
b) Calculate Debtors Turnover Ratio
| Total sales for the year | Rs.1,75,000 |
| Cash sales 25% of total sales | Rs |
| Sales returns out of credit sales | Rs. 10,000 |
| Sundry Debtors-Opening balance | Rs. 8,000 |
| Sundry Debtors-Closing balance | Rs.12,000 |
c) Calculate interest coverage ratio
| | Rs. |
| Net profit after deducting interest and taxes | 6,00,000 |
| 12% Debentures of the face value of | 15,00,000 |
| Amount provided towards taxation | 1,20,000 |
- From the information given below calculate:
a) Inventory turnover ratio (Stock)
b) Receivables Turnover ratio (Debtors)
| | (Amount in Lakhs of Rs.) |
| Sales (100% credit) | 42.00 |
| Opening stock | 6.00 |
| Closing stock | 7.00 |
| Sales returns | 3.00 |
| Opening Balance of Sundry debtors | 6.00 |
| Closing Balance of Sundry debtors | 4.00 |
| Opening Balance of Bills Receivables | 3.00 |
| Closing Balance of Bills Receivables | 5.00 |
| Gross profit= 30% of Sales | |
- From the following extract of a balance sheet of an Airlines company calculate the debt equity ratio and interest coverage ratio. Given that the Debt-Equity ratio is in the range of 10:1, how do you interpret this ratio?
50,000, 10% Preference shares of Rs. 100 each
2, 00,000 equity shares of Rs. 10 each
10%, 30,000 Debentures of Rs. 100 each
Net profit during the year was Rs. 10, 00,000
- The following are the extracts from the financial statements of Blue and Red Ltd.; as on 31st March 2001 and 2002 respectively.
31. March 2001 31. March 2002
Rs. Rs.
Stock 10,000 25,000
Debtors 20,000 20,000
Bills Receivables 10,000 5,000
Cash in Hand 18,000 15,000
Bills payable 15,000 20,000
Bank overdraft 2,000
9% Debentures 5, 00,000 5, 00,000
Sales for the year 3, 50,000 3, 00,000
Gross profit 70,000 50,000
Compute for both the years the following:
(a) Current Ratio
(b) Acid Ratio
(c) Stock Turnover Ratio. Also interpret the results.
- Following is the Balance Sheet of XYZ company as on 31st Dec 2000
| Liabilities | Rs. | Assets | Rs. |
| Equity share capital Capital Reserve 8% loan on Mortgage Trade Creditors Bank overdraft | 20,000 10,000 16,000 8,000 6,000 | Goodwill Fixed assets Stocks Debtors Investments Cash in hand | 12,000 28,000 6,000 6,000 2,000 6,000 |
| 60,000 | 60,000 |
Sales amounted to Rs. 1, 20,000. Calculate Ratios for
(a) Testing liquidity, and
(b) Solvency of the Company.
- a) ABC Ltd has the following information:
Cash = Rs.4, 000 Debtors= Rs.4, 000
Inventory = Rs.24, 000 Current Liabilities = Rs.16, 000
Determine the current ratio and acid-test ratio.
b) A company has sold products worth Rs.6, 00,000 with a gross profit margin of
20%. The inventory at the beginning of the year is Rs.30, 000 and at the end of
the year is Rs. 50,000. Determine the inventory turnover ratio and inventory
holding Period.
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